Animal Kingdom Review Part 1

1.  On what basis is the animal kingdom divided?

2.  What are the major characteristics that distinguish animals from plants?

3.  Why is it not sufficient to classify animals simply as multicellular heterotrophs?

4.  State the three germ layers found in most animals and give an example of a tissue type or organ system that arises from each.

5.  What is the most important event in our lives?

6.  List the following terms in the correct developmental sequence: mitotic division, zygote, adult, meiosis, gastrula, fertilization, blastula.

7.  A student submits a diagram of an embryo with the three germ layers labeled. The title reads "Diagram of sponge embryo." Do you mark it right or wrong? Explain.

8.  Distinguish between acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates.

9.  Describe the three types of body symmetry.

10.Which form of symmetry is characteristic of the highest animals?

11.Explain why animals with radial symmetry are not suited for rapid movement.

12.What is the term for an organism, which can produce both sperm and eggs?

13.Why are sponges classified as part of the animal kingdom?

14.Compare the reproductive process of the sponges and jellyfish.

15.Why is it helpful for an organism to be able to reproduce both sexually and asexually?

16.What is the difference between motile and sessile?

17.Describe the difference between a polyp and a medusa.

18.Explain the function of nematocysts.

19.How does a jellyfish obtain food?

20.Which germ layer is absent in the cnidarians? What effect does this have on the complexity of these animals?

21.What kind of symmetry is found in most cnidarians? In sponges?

22.What is cephalization? In which type of symmetry is it seen?

23.How is cephalization an evolutionary advantage?

24.Based on what you know about the phylum Platyhelminthes, can you determine how these animals obtain oxygen?

25.Between the phylum Porifera, Cnidarians and Platyhelminthes, which is the most advanced? How do you know?

26.A tapeworm is a parasite that lives in the intestines of its host. What system would you expect to be missing from the tapeworm that would be found in other flatworms? By not having this system, the tapeworm has created extra space in its body. How do you think the worm has used this space?

27.How has the roundworm digestive system been improved compared to that of flatworms?

28.Phylum Nematoda is the first to fall in the category of pseudocoelomate, why is this important?

29.What is meant by segmentation?

30.Which features distinguish the worms from the sponges and cnidarians?

31.How is the annelid coelom different from the body cavity of the roundworm?

32.Why is a circulatory system important for the earthworm?

33.In a parasitic worm, why would it be useful to be hermaphroditic?

34.How are animals in the Class Oligochaeta important?

35.Why have more complex organisms such as mollusks had to develop gills?

36.A larger coelom in the Phylum Mollusca results in what changes?

37.Where does fertilization occur in bivalves? Does this suggest that they are more or less advanced than other mollusks?

38.List some characteristics of arthropods.

39.Why does the presence of an exoskeleton require the presence of jointed appendages?

40.What is the arthropod exoskeleton made of?

41.Describe the molting process. Why is molting necessary?

42.What are the advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton?

43.What factors limit the size of the insects?

44.How does the larval stage of starfish differ from all other larval stages we have seen?

45.State three characteristics of chordates.

46.What is an endoskeleton? Of what two materials can an endoskeleton be made?

47.What are vertebrae?

48.Which vertebrate characteristic is almost absent in the agnathans?

49.How do lampreys feed?

50.State the major difference between the Chondrichthyes and the Osteichthyes.

51.Explain the purpose of lateral line system

52.Explain the purpose of a swim bladder

53.Why does the circulation in amphibians, birds, and mammals travel through two circuits rather than just one as in the fishes?

54.Why are amphibians considered to be transitional between fishes and terrestrial vertebrates?

55.What adaptations allowed amphibians to colonize the land?

56.What features of the frog restrict them to living near the water?

57.State the advantage and disadvantage of using the skin as a respiratory surface.

58.Explain why amphibians must live close to water in terms of their reproductive process.

59.Explain the adaptations that had to occur for reptiles to become fully terrestrial.

60.Describe some techniques used by reptiles to regulate their body temperature.

61.What could happen to a reptile that could not find any shade?

62.Describe the important components of the amniotic egg.

63.What is the function of albumin?

64.How did the amniotic egg allow reptiles to dominate the terrestrial environment?

65.Using your vast biological knowledge, deduce why organisms, which display internal fertilization, do not produce large numbers of eggs?

66.People say that someone with a small appetite "eats like a bird." Why is this expression inaccurate?

67.Describe the ways in which birds have become adapted for flight and state the importance of each.

68.How has the respiratory system of birds developed over that of other vertebrates?

69.Based on information discussed in class, explain the relationship between the time a young mammal spends with its parent and the complexity of its behaviour as an adult.

70.What is the function of the placenta?

71.Compare and contrast monotremes and marsupials

72.For each of the brain, heart, fur, and milk explain how each is an advantage to mammals.

73.Explain how villi play an important role in placental pregnancies.