The Age of Absolutism 16 – 18^th Centuries

Absolutism refers to a period of time in European history when powerful kings and queens (monarch’s) ruled. People such as Henry VIII and Louis XIV are examples of rulers during this time. Such people believed that they ruled by divine right; god willed them to rule.

Most of their decisions were not to be challenged simply they believed they were unable to make mistakes and god willed their decisions. These people believed that they were all knowledgeable and did not need other administrators to assist them in managing the country. Monarchs used advisors only when convenient excepting advice from the legislative assemblies when called upon.

Basic Features of Absolute Rule

• Very conservative and traditional
• They created and executed all laws
• Rulers were not accountable for their actions
• Government bureaucracy was slow, corrupt and inflexible
• Rulers did not obey the written constitution of their country therefore did not respect the basic rights and freedoms of their people

By the 18^th century most monarchs realized that it was difficult to rule a country without the assistance of four particular groups:

1. Aristocracy – Nobility - These men inherited their position in life by benefit or birthright. These men were very wealthy due to property holdings and the rents that they collected as well as taxes. Some of these people were related to the King and for that reason, were permitted to give advice. These aristocrats have very few skills and practical management (self interest was more important than public interest). The aristocrats are people with titles such as duke, earl, count etc.
2. Clergy – The King was forced to work with the clergy for a number of reasons. The clergy were wealthy due to property holdings (rent and taxes). The King’s Christian image was important to the general public therefore he cooperated with the church.
3. Bourgeoisie – This refers to the middle class of Europe; judges, lawyers etc. These people earn their positions by hard work and by perfecting their skills. Some bourgeoisie members will hold government positions although most will not be very loyal to the monarchy. Many desire to rule the country and will be largely responsible for organizing revolutions.
4. Peasantry – This group represents 96% of the population in any European country. These people are under-represented in government (a farmer, blacksmith, lower standing craftsman, and laborers). They represent the backbone of any government/country. This group is largely responsible for carrying out the revolutions in any country.