Intellectual Challenges to the French Monarchy

18^th century France was a very interesting but unstable country in which to live. By this time the authority of the French monarchy was in decline. The middle and lower classes resented the aristocracy and the monarch because they had been neglected. Most French people would dare not speak out against the monarch; however there were a few people who did speak out for reform in France, risking their lives at the same time.

The 18^th century marked the beginning of what was called the enlightened era. All across Europe, governments were challenged by the intellects in their country to be open minded and to bring about reform. Most countries in Europe complied but some, such as France rejected liberal reforms. In France there were three individuals responsible for suggesting practical changes to the framework of government. Their ideas were born from the concerns and needs of people.

1. Voltaire: 1694 – 1778

He suggested that the royal family become enlightened. He suggested that the French monarchy adopt an English model for government because it was more democratic and responsible to the lower classes. Voltaire wanted the monarchy to remain in France; however it should be more accountable to the people.

2. Montesquieu: 1684 – 1775

He suggested that the monarchy in France should share its authority by breaking the government down into three different branches/authorities:

• Executive – this branch would include Louis and many of the aristocrats who would have the power to execute law ( This would have to be Royal assent, singed into law by Louis)
• Legislative Branch – the elected representatives of the people are those who have the power to create.
• Judicial Branch – the court system of France would be permitted to interpret law. This group could make the final decision with regard to law making.

3. Rousseau: 1712 – 1778

He was considered the champion of the lower class people because his views were very similar to the views of the general public. He suggested that the monarchy should be abolished and that a democratic government be put in its place. He wrote one famous work referred to as “the social contract”. Most would consider it a handbook for revolution. Rousseau suggested that a charter of rights and freedoms be adopted which would protect the principles of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.’ This phrase becomes the battle cry for the French Revolution.