Science 10 Exam Review Topics and Questions
Motion
1. a) What is the "frame of reference" of an object? It is the area through which the object moves.
b) What is the point of reference? It is the starting point of the motion.
2. What is a force? It is just a push or pull. Collisions for example involve high energy forces.
3. Which are examples of a force? i) a push ii) a pull iii) applying the brakes.
4. Name an example of a force from sports. How about your foot's energy making a football fly.
5. What do forces do? Forces change an object's speed or direction of motion.
6. Name the two types of graphs we studied. We studied time-position ands time-velocity graphs.
7. Why is it SO important to draw a best fit line? The best fit line shows the overall pattern in the data. It should be straight or smoothly curving, not a zig-zag. Note: The best fit line might touch some of the data points but not all.
8. What is the main use of a the time-position graph? To see the location of an object as time passes - just look at the best fit line. If it is flat, the object is motionless. A rising line means the object moving to the E or leaving reference point which is a positive change. A falling line means the object moving to the W or returning to the reference point which is a negative change.
9. What is the main use of a time-velocity graph? To see how quickly (or slowly) an object is moving as time passes - just look at the best fit line. If it is flat, the object's speed is constant. A rising line means the object is speeding up. A falling line means the object is slowing down.
10. What is the secondary use of a time-position graph? To find the object's velocity in m/s - calculate the slope. A "+" value, the object is moving toward the east. A "-" slope means the object is moving toward the west.
11. What is the secondary use of a time-velocity graph? To find the distance the object travels in m - calculate the area under the curve.
12. The area under the curve of a time-position graph means what? This area has no meaning.
13. What does the slope tell us about a time-velocity graph? A "+" slope means the object is speeding up (accelerating). A "-" slope means the object is slowing down (decelerating).
14. Insta-review: What is indicated by area under the curve of: a) a t-p graph? b) a t-v graph?
a) this area has no meaning b) this area means the distance traveled by an object
15. Insta-review: What is indicated by the slope of a: a) time-position graph? b) time-velocity graph?
a) this slope means speed b) this slope means how much the speed is changing.
16. Insta-review: What does a "+" sign tell us about: a) position b) velocity?
a) the object is located east of the reference point b) the object is accelerating.
17. Insta-review: What does a "-" sign tell us about: a) position b) velocity?
a) the object is located west of the reference point b) the object is decelerating.
18. Insta-review: What is indicated by a flat line in a: a) time-position graph? b)a time-velocity graph?
a) the object is motionless b) the object is moving along at a constant speed.
19. a) What is a "story graph"? This is a type of time-position graph that shows various phases of an object's motion. For example, it shows when the object is resting, moving away from the reference point or moving toward the reference point.
b) Sketch a graph describing the following motion. A mole rests in its den for 15 s before running 75 cm E in 7 s. It rests for 5 s and then sprints 123 cm in 10 s. It eats for 45 s before running back home in 23 s. Wait!! Did you make the x axis long enough??
20. a) Create a time-position graph for the following data describing the motion of a fox:
time (s) 0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.3 5.8 6.2 7.5 8.3
location (m) 0.1 3.4 7.4 10.6 13 17.1 18.9 22.2 25
b) Now, join the points. Wait!! Are you drawing the best fit line or a useless jig-zag??
c) Now, find the slope. Wait!! Did you find the best fit line first??
d) Why is the best fit line so important?
e) What type of value are you creating by finding the slope of the time-position graph?
21. a) Find the average velocity of an object that is 20 m E at 0.4 mins and is 90 m E at 0. 5 mins.
b) Using this value, how long would it take the object to move 200 m?
c) How far would the object travel in 0.9 mins?
Chemistry
1. What are types of chemical elements we looked at? We studied metallic and nonmetallic elements.
2. What type of elements are found in ionic compounds? Metals and nonmetals join to form ionic compounds.
3. What are the charges of these elements? By themselves, metals and nonmetals are neutral. However, in ionic compounds metals become "+" and nonmetals become "-". It is these opposite charges that hold the ionic compound together.
4. What are their subscripts? By themselves, metals have a subscript of 1 and nonmetals often have a subscript of 2 or 8. In an ionic compound, just look at the charges of the elements and criss-cross the charges to get subscripts. For example, joining X 2+ with Y 3- gives us X3Y2.
5. What type of elements join to form covalent compounds? Nonmetals join to form covalent compounds.
6. How do we know the subscripts of nonmetals when they join to form compounds? Prefixes are needed to tell us the subscripts of the elements in a covalent compound. For example, P2O5 is diphosphorous pentoxide.
7. How do we recognize the formula for acids? An acid formula starts with H +, e.g., HCl or H2SO4.
8. What is the pH range for acids? The acid pH range is from 0 to 7.
9. How do we recognize a base formula? A base formula finishes with OH- , e.g., NaOH or Al(OH)3.
10.What is the pH range of bases? The base pH range is from 7 to 14.
11. What is the Ph range for a neutral chemical? A neutral compound has a single pH value of 7.
12. How do we recognize reaction patterns? By the pattern of the reactants. Look at these four patterns.
a) (decomposition) AB b) (combination) A + B
c) (single replacement) AB + C d) (double replacement) AB + CD
13. What does the law of mass conservation say about reactions? This law says the total mass of the reactants should equal the total mass of the products. Note: sometimes this law seems to be wrong. Recall the fizz lab where one of the products was a gas that escaped into the air making the products seem to weigh less than they should.
14. a) What diagram is used to display much information about chemical elements?
b) Make a simple 3-D sketch of the Periodic Table and label the main sections.
15. a) Name an "X2" element. b) Name an "X8" element.
16. Complete, balance and name the following reactions:
a) H2O b) CaCl2 + Al c) Zn(NO3)2 + HBr d) C2H6 + O2 e) Li + S8
17. Name the following compounds. Use "common" names where appropriate.
Hint: use ( )'s with elements showing a choice of charges.
a) TiS2 b) NiO c) RuN d) CO2 e) NH3 f) SiBr4
18. Write the formulas of the following compounds.
a) carbon trioxide b) sulfur dioxide c) zinc phosphide d) manganese (IV) oxide
Ecology
1. Define: biodiversity. This term means the variety of life in a certain area. The biodiversity depends on the location and the conditions there. For example, a forest has much, a lawn might have medium, while a parking lot would have just a minimum biodiversity.
2. Define: indicator species. This is a type of life that tells overall health of whole ecosystem. A frog is a common example because it lives in both an aquatic and the adjacent terrestrial environment.
3. List the levels of a food chain. The levels of a food chain are: producers (1st trophic level) , primary consumers (2nd trophic level) , secondary consumers (3rd trophic level), tertiary consumers (4th trophic level)
4. What is the effect of bioamplification? This process concentrates harmful chemicals in higher levels of food chain.
5. Define: extinction. Extinction is the death of all members of a particular type of life.
6. What are the two main causes of extinctions? Natural processes and our interference cause extinctions.
7. What is the problem of extinction? Extinction removes a part of the food chain and this can lead to unexpected results, e.g., coyotes start eating pets instead of their usual prey that has become extinct. Another problem might be the loss of certain plants that might contain natural chemicals that would be the cure for certain diseases.
8. a) What should be our role, our place, in nature? We should learn to live in balance with nature.
b) In general, when do we have a negative effect on nature? We cause problems for ourselves when
we use too many natural resources and don't replace them or when we change the face of certain
areas of our planet by too much development.
9. Why is recycling so important? It is a way of decreasing the amount of natural resources we need to disturb or destroy.
10. Why has recycling not been always so important as it is today? Until we began to see the importance of lessening our impact on nature, few people were willing to accept the extra costs of recycling.
11. Does recycling occur in nature? Nature shows us the best examples of recycling.
12. What are two enormous examples? Two huge examples are the Carbon and the Nitrogen cycles.
13. Know the Carbon cycle: sources of CO2; photosynthesis splits CO2, C stays in plant but O2 exits
14. Know the Nitrogen cycle: N2 is most common gas in air; NH4 made by lightning and bacteria, NO3 ion used by plants.
15. What types of food are eaten by omni-, herbi-, and carnivores? Omnivores eat plants and animals, herbivores eat just plants while carnivores eat just animals.
16. Which type of animal is most likely to survive hard times? Omnivores may be more likely to survive because they can choose from a wide variety of foods.
17. Define: biome. A biome is an area with similar plant life throughout.
18. The Earth contains how many major biomes? There are 6 biomes around the globe and 4 of these can be found in Canada.
19. Which biomes: hottest, driest, fires, trees, cacti? desert, grasslands, coniferous or temperate forests, deserts.
20. In which biome do we live? We live in a temperate forest.
21. Which biomes are the opposite regarding: a) temperature b) humidity c) latitude d) plant growth
a) hot (desert or rainforest) vs cold (tundra) b) wet (rainforest) vs dry (desert or tundra)
c) polar (tundra) vs equatorial (rainforest or desert) d) fast (rainforest) vs slow (desert or tundra)
22. Name the soil layers, top to bottom. Litter, topsoil, and subsoil. The layers are darker color near top and lighter and rockier with more minerals deeper down.
23. What is the danger from leeching? As surface water percolates down through the soil toward the ground water, it will dissolve certain chemicals and carry these downward. This process is called leeching. If the chemicals are toxic, there is a risk to water purity.
Weather
1. Name some examples of electromagnetic radiation we studied. Heat, light, X rays, and microwaves are common examples of electromagnetic radiation.
2. a) What is a key factor controlling the weather?
b) Explain this idea.
3. Name three common ways in which energy moves. Radiation, conduction, and convection are ways in which energy moves around.
4. In general, how much of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth is reflected and absorbed? In general, about 30% of the sun's energy reaching Earth is reflected by clouds and light colored surfaces. About 70% is absorbed by clouds and dark surfaces.
5. What causes the seasons? They are due to tilt of Earth which affects both day length and temperature (due to angle of sun's rays striking Earth).
6. Name local (regional) weather phenomena. These are: thermals, sea breezes, land breezes, lake-effect snow, chinooks.
7. How are clouds categorized? Clouds are categorized according to: shape, altitude, rain making ability.
8. What are the cloud formation processes? Cloud formation processes are convective, frontal, orographic, and fog.
9. What is the general path of sun-heated air? Up, over, down and across to the start.
10. What is the name of one of these pathways? This cyclical pattern is called a convection current.
11. What is their effect on weather? Huge convection currents around the globe all work together to create constant air flow patterns that result in specific bands of wind around the Earth.
12. There are how many major prevailing wind zones around the planet's surface? There are six wind zones around the globe. The four above the equator are symmetrical with those below the equator.
13. Name the wind zones in our hemisphere from the Arctic to the equator. They are the polar easterlies, westerlies, and the NE trade winds.
14. What are some large scale effects of global warming? Global warming causes higher seas, melting ice caps, and warmer temperatures.
15. Know the Water cycle.
16. The ocean's surface currents move in what path? They move in huge circles called gyres.
17. a) Why can we say the ocean's surface currents "recycle"? They "recycle" because their circular
pathways keep redistributing nutrients.
b) What about vertical currents? The ocean's vertical currents recycle in the same fashion.
18. What is the temperature distribution of ocean currents? Warm currents are equatorial and cool currents are in polar areas. currents; effects on food chain and climate
19. What famous ocean current was mapped by Ben Franklin? He mapped the Gulf Stream based on water temperature data and reports about it from the logs of whaling ships.
20. What is its effect on the climate of areas of western Scotland? It allows palm trees to grow there.
21. a) Low pressure systems are associated with what weather? A low often means poor, rainy windy
weather because the surrounding winds flow inward, carrying in clouds.
b) High pressure systems mean what weather? A high often means clear, more settled weather
because its winds flow outward, pushing away clouds.
22. How can we "manage" weather? We can collect drinking water from fog that condenses on plastic mesh. We can encourage rain by sending with AgI crystals up into clouds.
23. Name two examples of violent weather. Two examples are thunderstorms and tornados.
24. How does lightning form? The strong updrafts and downdrafts in a thundercloud allows the formation of ice and hail. As the lightweight ice crystals are carried up past the large hailstones, they scrape together and the scraping forms static charges. Enough scraping makes huge static charges that discharge in a lightning flash.
25. What are the two main effects of tornados on houses? When strong updrafts begin to rotate rapidly, the winds can tear apart homes apart and then throw around the pieces.
26. a) What is El Nino? This phenomenon occurs off coast of Peru. It is a large area of warm water
sitting just where cold water normally upwells, carrying food for fish.
b) How does it affect fishing? The reduced upwelling means reduced fish food and reduced fishing.
c) What is its effect on the weather of: a) Louisiana b) Australia?
27. What technology gives weather forecasters the big picture? They get data for a whole country from remote sensing on board satellites, planes and rockets. Local data from simple weather stations located here and there across the countryside.